Market Access
The Reduction of Import Duty through
Generalized System Of Preferences (GSP).
Nursal Baharuddin
Faisal H. Batubara
Lecturers For the Corporate
Leadership Academy
Abstract
In the framework of the World Trade
Organization ( WTO ) , developed countries like the United States ( U.S. ),
providing import duty remission for certain goods that are exported by
developing countries (under developing countires) including qualified Indonesian
products in the form of concessions tariff reduction or exemption of import
duties which is called Generalized System of Preferences (GSP).
GSP program is a program of trading
facilities provided by the Government of the United States to developing
countries and LDCs by giving duty free ( zero percent rate ) to about 5.000
kinds of products .
This facility is given because of developing
countries are considered not able to produce efficient product. Granting GSP
scheme by developed countries ( the U.S. ) to developing countries have many
purposes in addition to improve the economy of the GSP beneficiary countries
through its foreign trade as well in order to diversify the supplier countries,
so that with the increasing number of countries that become suppliers, the price of exports to developed
countries GSP giver will vary greatly and with the increasing number of
sources, the scarcity of imported goods will be smaller.
Ease access to market development through the
provision of GSP facilities is one of the important key in developing the
Indonesian market in the USA . Without GSP, Indonesia will find it difficult to
compete with other countries in the U.S. market. GSP is a program from the U.S.
government congress as stipulated in the Trade Act of 1974 to provide duty-free
entry to the 3,400 types of products from 129 countries, including Indonesia.
Indonesia has been utilizing the GSP of 2.2 billion U.S. dollars or equivalent
of 12.2 percent of Indonesia's total exports to the U.S. in 2012
Keywords : WTO, UNCTAD, the General System of
Preferences ( GSP ), Import duties, Exports
Abstraksi
Dalam
rangka World Trade Organization (WTO),
negara-negara maju seperti
Amerika Serikat (AS) , memberikan keringanan
bea masuk untuk barang-barang
tertentu yang di-ekspor oleh negara-negara berkembang (under developing
countires) termasuk Indonesia yang memenuhi syarat ekspor dalam bentuk
pemberian konsesi penurunan atau pembebasan tariff bea masuk yang disebut Generalized Sysatem of Preferences (GSP).
Program
General System of
Preferences (GSP) merupakan program fasilitas perdagangan
yang diberikan oleh Pemerintah AS kepada negara berkembang dan LDCs dengan
memberikan duty free (tarif nol
persen) untuk sekitar 5000 jenis produk.
Fasilitas ini
diberikan karena negara berkembang yang dianggap belum mampu menghasilkan
produksi yang efisien. Pemberian skema GSP oleh negara maju (AS) kepada negara berkembang mempunyai banyak
tujuan disamping untuk meningkatkan perekonomian negara penerima GSP melalui
perdagangan luar negerinya juga dalam rangka diversifikasi negara-negara
pemasok, sehingga dengan makin banyaknya negara yang menjadi pemasok, maka
harga ekspor ke negara maju pemberi GSP akan sangat bervariasi dan dengan makin
banyaknya sumber, maka kelangkaan barang-barang impor akan semakin kecil.
Kemudahan
akses pengembangan pasar melalui pemberian fasilitas GSP dan merupakan salah
satu kunci penting dalam mengembangkan pasar Indonesia di AS. Tanpa GSP,
Indonesia akan kesulitan untuk berkompetisi dengan negara lain di pasar AS.
GSP adalah program kongres pemerintah AS
yang tertuang
dalam Undang‐Undang Perdagangan tahun 1974 untuk menyediakan bebas bea masuk terhadap
3.400 jenis produk dari 129 negara, termasuk Indonesia. Indonesia telah
memanfaatkan GSP sebesar 2,2 miliar dollar AS atau
sepadan 12,2 persen dari total ekspor
Indonesia ke AS Tahun 2012
Kata kunci: WTO,
UNCTAD, General System of Preferences (GSP), Bea masuk, Ekspor
Preface
The US is
a major force in the world, both in terms of political, military, and economic
and very influential in International Trade. The US economic conditions is the most influential in the world. The US total trade in goods with the rest of World amounted to US $ 1,240.09 billion
(January-April 2013). Its strategic position, the US as a developed country is referred to as a superpower
with a per capita income of the population amounted to 48.100 US dollars making
it the largest economic power in the world. The US also is a developed country
with an economy that is leading or dubbed as a super power, so with these conditions, the US plays
an important role in the world economy.
The US economy is highly developed both in manufacturing
and service sectors. The country is a federal state which includes 50 (fifty)
state area with total of territory 3.79
million square miles (9.83 million km2) and population of 315 million people,
the country is one of the most diverse in multi-ethnic
and multi-cultural in the world.
In
market access, the GSP is a program of trading
facilities provided by the US government since 1974 to 127 developing countries
and LDCs to provide duty free (zero percent rate) for approximately 5,000 types
of products. The definition of the notion of GSP is a preference system in the form of
reduction or exemption of tariffs by developed countries to certain products
originating from developing countries which is eligible by the develop countries.
This GSP came into force in 1970, since 1976 Indonesia began utilizing GSP-US.
GSP is given unilateral (nonreciprocal) by preference receiving countries.
Developed countries as a giver of preference is not demanding in return for
tariff concessions which are
given to developing countries and is not negotiable. Although in nature it is non-reciprocal, but
in its development the
country granting GSP tend to give it to certain conditions. The US linking the provision of
GSP with other problems, such as Intellectual Properety Right, International Worker Right, and Market Access
consideration.
The US is the greatest country compared to other countries in granting GSP.
This country GSP program is providing
4,282 types (8-digit HS category). GSP products include 6,831 items in 10
categories tariff Harmonized System (HTS).
GSP-USA is one of the important key in developing markets. Market access development through the provision of GSP facility
is one of
the important key in
developing the Indonesian market in the US. Commodities from Indonesia can
obtain the GSP by complying with the four requirements, (1), which is included
in the list of products that meet the requirements of GSP. (2), must be
directly exported from Indonesia or through bills using referral documents to
the address in the US. (3) the product must be made in Indonesia or, if using
imported raw materials, must have a local content of at least 35% of the total
price paid by the US importer. (4) US importer must request exemption from
import duty for the product in question (tariff code) in the form of US custom.
One of the benefits of the application of this principle
which is felt directly by Indonesia, with the implementation of the GSP is the
success of Indonesia to increase its exports, particularly in non-oil exports.
Another benefit is perceived directly by granting GSP against Indonesia can
increase the value of Indonesia's exports abroad.
GSP
goal is to help the development of developing countries, among others, is to increase foreign exchange
earnings through exports and accelerate industrialization. The goods criteria for GSP,
namely:
·
Products
that do not contain import content of unknown origin (wholly Obtained goods)
which means
that the status of the origin of the goods is not problematic.
· Products containing the import
content of unknown origin (goods with an import content / unknown origin).
GSP is a scheme that covers industrial and agricultural products from
developing countries which are granted an access, especially for entry into
developed countries markets. Granting GSP schemes by developed countries to
developing countries have many goals besides to improve the economy of the
recipient country GSP through foreign trade also in order to diversify the
supplier countries, so that with the increasing number of countries that become
suppliers, then the price of exports to developed countries who give GSP would
varied and with the increasing number of sources, the scarcity of imported
goods will be smaller.
Rules of granting the GSP by developed countries, between one country to
another is very different, but in principle the provision of this facility is
always based on the provisions concerning the granting of preferences contained
in international trade agreements of GATT and WTO. The US government (congress)
aimed in giving GSP facility is to helped developing countries to increase
exports to the US, and intends to assist the development of developing
countries, including through an increase in foreign exchange earnings and
accelerate industrialization.
Since its establishment
39 years ago, the program never been
stopped, even though the program is not a permanent program. In the US
regulation, the period of validity of GSP is temporary but can be renewed at
regular intervals over time as long as it gets a mandate of extension by
Congress
From the data
in 2012, the US imported products worth 20 billion dollars under the GSP
program. Top 5 GSP beneficiary countries were India (4.5 billion dollars),
Thailand (3.7 billion dollars), Brazil (2.3 billion dollars), Indonesia 2.2
billion dollars or equivalent to 12% of Indonesia's total exports to the US and
South Africa 1.3 billion dollars.
As described
previously, preference is a facility provided by one or a group of countries to
certain products that qualify comes from a country in the form of reduction or
exemption of tariffs which are base on multilateral, regional, bilateral
agreements
Indonesia gets
GSP for as many as 2,144 kinds of products. From those amount of products, Indonesia exported to 2.2 billion US dollars,
equivalent to 12.2 percent of the total Indonesian exports to the US (2012).
The US government gave exemption of import duty rates to as much as 129
developing countries, including 42 least developed countries, including
Indonesia.
Indonesia still
needs GSP facility in increasing its exports to the US as one of the market
access policies that continue to be fought. With the GSP facility, Indonesia
could enjoy and have a secure market for Indonesian products, especially for
SMEs that need to be pushed through the GSP exports. The GSP program (General
System of Preferences) is still an important key in developing the Indonesian
market in the US.
In accordance with the mandate of the US Congress, the
GSP program ends on July 31, 2013. Indonesia as one of the countries included
in the Alliance GSP (A-GSP) will continue to fight for the extension of GSP.
In the absence of renewal of the GSP, which ended on July
31, 2013, the Indonesian products may be subject to import duties which would
reduce the competitiveness of Indonesian products in the US market.
Without GSP, Indonesia will find it difficult to compete
with other countries in the US market. To that end, the Government of Indonesia
hopes that the US government may reconsider granting GSP for some Indonesian
products. Although Indonesia the Priority Watch List and considered not to serious
in solving IPR problems (Intellectual Property Rights).
The products of Indonesia under the GSP program, among
others are : tires, plywood, cocoa paste, rubber gloves and jewelry of gold,
silver, precious stones. Indonesia ranked as the fourth who utilize the US GSP
program, in addition to Indonesia is already quite active in the market.
Problems
Based on the mandate of the US
Congress, the Indonesia GSP program has ended on July 31, 2013. As a result of
not having consensus from the members of Senate, the resolution of "the
Bill, 3113" can not be brought to Congress for approval of the extension.
The GSP program can not be extended because Sen. Tom Coburn (R-OK) have a
reservation, so the extension of the resolution can not be brought to the House
Representative to obtain the extension decision. It is regrettable of many
people not only from the GSP recipient countries but also US companies that
import products from GSP recipient countries.
Indonesia has only utilized as many
as 652 types, or about 20%, thus, there are many kinds of products which have
not been utilized through its GSP facilities from 3,400 types of products
offered by the US. Moreover, this
activity has not been followed by Indonesian businessman. It should be noted
that the GSP is a facility provided by the US Department of Commerce to a
number of countries to reduce and eliminate import taxes for countries that are
considered to have a healthy trade with the US.
GSP status can be withdrawn if the
US Department of Commerce felt that the state whose been given GSP facility
failed to protect patents and copyrights of US products. These requirements are often violated by
Indonesia, consequently it threatened to be revoked its GSP facility by the US
Government.
Problems faced by Indonesia in
utilizing the GSP, as has been mentioned above, the attitude of the
International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA), which says Indonesia is not
serious in dealing with intellectual property rights, especially for the
products made in the US. IIPA In its official website writes that the market in
Indonesia is dominated by pirated products which are distributed online or in
the physical market.
The utilization of GSP facilities
was not maximal due to lack of knowledge of Indonesian entrepreneurs regarding
the use of GSP benefits and its procedures. In terms of the GSP is an appropriate
strategy in sustaining the growth of exports to the US in the wake of the
crisis that has engulfed the superpower.
The weak protection of Intellectual
Property Rights, the International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA),
issued a petition that threatens Indonesia who has failed to meet the
eligibility criteria of the appropriate in the GSP program, namely the
protection and management of intellectual property issues. Of course, this will
lead to Indonesia's to lose its position in the world free trade map. If the
petition is granted by the US International Trade Commission, Indonesia will
lose the advantage of tax-free goods for export to the US market. Though
recently Indonesia through the GSP program has been successfully exporting to
the US duty free goods valued at US $ 1.9 billion in the year 2012 2010 and $ 2.2 US dollars.
The implementation of regulations on
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is still weak in Indonesia. Although
Indonesia has had a wide range of IPR laws, but there are still alot of violations
on intellectual property rights and law enforcement of these issue is uneffective.
(Study of Bilateral Cooperation Indonesia - United States in the Field of
Economics and Finance "2012, p vii).
IIPA has filed a petition requesting
that the US to consider and limiting the provision of GSP for Indonesia for
failing to carry out protection and enforcement of intellectual property. Piracy in Indonesia is a culture of the
people who have been taught to consume something for free (Sumardi-observer
marketing 2012)). This free culture has been around since the early age, so
free is not something that is considered taboo or violated the prohibition or
regulation. In addition, Indonesian entrepreneurs are less pro-active to work
on the US market with the GSP program. These conditions made the most out of
trade preferences are not exploited by the Indonesian exporters, this suggests
that the chances of the US market as a target of Indonesian exports are not
significant untapped and consequently less domestic manufacturing industry can be
flourish, so that the perceived exports slowed and automaticly the national
economy.
Protection of Intellectual Property
Rights (IPR) in a country is very important to stimulate innovation and
investment activities. Investors, both domestic and foreign, will be attracted
by the high standards of IPR protection. In Indonesia, the legal regulation of
the Intellectual Property Rights at least can be found in Act No. 19 of 2002 on
Copyright, Act No. 14 of 2001 on Patents, Act No. 15 of 2001 on Marks, Act No.
29 of 2000 on Plant Variety, Act No. 30 of 2000 on Trade Secrets, Act No. 31 of
2000 on Industrial Designs, and Act No. 32 Year 2000 on Layout Designs of
Integrated Circuits. However, although the scope of IPR law in Indonesia is
relatively wide, in the implementation of IPR there are alot of infringement.
In the Indonesian case, piracy remains a serious problem and has not been dealt
in accordance with existing regulations. (("Study of Bilateral Cooperation
between Indonesia - United States in the Field of Economics and Finance"
2012, p 16)
Based on the information from the
Ministry of Commerce (2012), the credit facility of the US government, were
still not widely used by businesses in Indonesia due to, among others:
1.
Ignorance of the Indonesian Employers;
There is still a lack of entrepreneurs who do not take the advantage of
this facility, most likely because this facility is not widely known by the
Indonesian businessmen. Alternatively,
there could be entrepreneurs are still having trouble adjusting to a number of
provisions in getting the facility.
2.
Having difficulty eligible for GSP facility. To increase
it, first with the educational system and the Ministry of Commerce could actively
helping them to open another facility about the rules they do not understand;
3.
Indonesian Employers who do not have a market in the US,
it is necessary to follow the trade fairs in the US, this activity has not been
widely followed by Indonesian businessmen. In addition to get the GSP facilities such
activities can expand the Indonesian market in the US.
4.
Expand the Indonesian market in the US by way of : (a)
help to resolve cases of trafficking by providing complete information related
to trade policy as well as helping to find other markets when Indonesian
entrepreneurs do not succeed through it; (b) What is important according to the
Ministry of Commerce is an increase cooperation with the US government, also
with Indonesian businessmen themselves and helping entrepreneurs with export
business online and help-desk.
5.
All the products that exceed US $ 150 million, meaning
its already graduate. Therefore, Indonesia is not happy at-graduate.
In
this case, there are two things that the government need to do, the employers who already have to the US market, the
government will help employers achieve other facilities. For entrepreneurs who
do not have in the US market, the government will direct them to follow the
trade fairs. There are a great many trade shows in the US that has not been
followed by the Indonesian business people. The Indonesian government continues
to work closely with the US government to create better networking. While the
business world in Indonesia government also continues to cooperate to resolve
the problem by merchandise and help entrepreneurs to export.
Alternatively, it is predicted that many Indonesian
businessmen whose export activities to ease the US has gotten zero percent
import duty up to five percent without using GSP facility. It is not monitored
as part of the policy ease the GSP program. It could also happen that the export
goes through Nusantara Bonded Zone (KBN) which are estimated not to use the GSP
facility. This condition indicates that the data and the value of Indonesia's
overall GSP acquisition can be said by the statistics is reperensentatif or
less represented the maximum acquisition value of exports through the GSP.
Behind it, with the extension of GSP would result in two things for Indonesian
exporters, first export market in the US will be safe for the next few years
during the implementation of the GSP and
second with a secure market, businesmen obtain business certainty that
will attract buyers to put their capital in Indonesia.
In the Amelia article about GSP, Indonesia as a
developing country experiencing constraints on the implementation of the
principle of preference for developing countries. Constraints faced by
Indonesia is an obstacle in the implementation of the GSP. Utilization of GSP
facilities provided by the developed countries is not exploited to the fullest
by Indonesian exporters. First, this can occur because not all products are
given GSP is Indonesia's non-oil exports. Both because ignorance of Indonesian
exporters of GSP facilities due to lack of information from the government or
indeed the reluctance of Indonesian exporters to enter the markets of developed
countries giving GSP because of fears of competition, despite the GSP facility of
our exporter willing to enter their product into the market in the country
alone.
In addition, there are deadline (period) granting GSP. If
the term of this GSP has ended, then to extend the GSP agreement need to takes
a long time to conduct negotiations with GSP donor countries. For example, with
the expiration of the GSP by the US administration to Indonesia. Indonesian
Embassy in Washington said it takes 10 months for lobbying the US government
itself. Granting GSP is not solely devoted to economic development alone.
However, a more nuanced politics as a way to pressure developing countries in
order to keep up with the policy of developed countries. Given that, the GSP
can be revoked if the GSP beneficiary countries do not act in the interests of
developed countries (GSP donor), as a violation of Human Rights (HAM), does not
support the social democracy, ignoring to the environment (not
pro-environment), and so on . In the process, the procedures for granting GSP
by developed countries to recipient countries GSP always changing according to
the needs, often found that these changes tends to reduce the scope of the
preferences that have been enjoyed by entrepreneurs users of the GSP or even
abolished the preferences. Since the GSP is essentially giving preference from
one country to another, most of the changes in the procedures and the GSP
scheme is given not to negotiate for a change. General system of preferences
granted unilaterally by developed countries can be withdrawn at any time so
that the position of developing countries is very weak.
Discussion
In connection with the
implementation of the GSP or preferential duty (lower), Indonesia is one of the
recipient (beneficiary country) from the US
International
trade is one part of the economic activities or business activities which
lately has developed very rapidly. The Attention
from the business world to international business also increased, as seen from
the growing flow of circulation of goods, services, capital and labor between
countries.
International Trade Policy (WTO and UNCTAD) are in line with
the policy of the developed countries, like the US who gives preference or
facilities for the export of certain commodities from developing countries
(under developing countries), including Indonesia and the less developed
countries ((least-Developed Countries LDCs) with export facility in the form of
import duty relief through the GSP program. The policies of the WTO, that the
developed countries provide relief or exemption of import duties for certain
goods exported by developing countries, including Indonesia, who qualified in
the form of concession granting tariff reduction or exemption of import duty
called the GSP. The purpose of this
program is directed to assist the developing countries expand their economies
by allowing certain goods to be imported into the US to get duty-free facility.
The theory of this preference system is that countries
should be allowed to deviate from the obligations of the Most Favoured Nation
(MFN) to allow them to reduce tariffs on imported goods when the goods are
coming from developing countries. This will give developing countries a
competitive advantage in industrial societies export target. These rights are
given as an attempt to facilitate a condition because it is only for a time, or
as an effort in order for transitions that are subject to the principle of
multilevel (graduation). Indonesia is a developing country members of the WTO
and the application of the principle of preferences for developing countries is
also obtained by Indonesia. One of the benefits of this principle is felt
directly by Indonesia is the successful implementation of the GSP in Indonesia
to increase its exports, especially non-oil exports.
The objective to grant the provision of GSP is to improve
the income, accelerate industrialization and the growth of developing
countries, by providing the opportunities to access the goods to the market that
they produced, so that these items can compete in the market of developed
countries. The Principle of preferences
for developing countries is a positive impact to the Indonesian economy and can
increase the value of Indonesia's exports abroad. In boost Indonesia's exports
to the US market through preference programs (form A), the Indonesian
government issued Minister of Trade Regulation No. 59 / M-DAG / PER /I 2/2010
concerning provisions Issuance of Certificate of Origin.
(SKA) or Certificate of Origin (COO) for Indonesian
exports, article 2, paragraph (2)) stated: Preferences as contemplated in
subsection (1) shall be issued to acquire facility tariff reduction or
exemption of import duties granted by a state or group of state of the
Indonesian export goods that qualify in accordance with the provisions of the
International agreement or unilateral determination. For that, we can conclude
GSP benefits for Indonesia, namely:
• National incomes and accelerate the process of
industrialization
• Unique attraction especially for the relocation of
firms from developed countries
• Increased exports of Indonesia in order to compete in
international markets. .
• Increase the economy of the GSP recipient country's
through trade in order to diversify its foreign supplier countries
In
principle, the GSP is a scheme that covers industrial and agricultural products
from developing countries which given special access to get into the markets of developed countries.
Granting GSP schemes by developed countries to developing countries have many goals in addition
to improve the
economy of the recipient country GSP through foreign trade also in order to
diversify the supplier countries, so that with the increasing number of
countries are becoming a supplier, then the price of exports to developed
countries would very varied and with the increasing number of sources, the
scarcity of imported goods will be smaller.
Traditionally,
the US is an Indonesian fourth export market potential after Japan, Europe and
Singapore. US as developed countries that have a policy in the current GSP
program is still one of the important key in developing the Indonesian market in the US. Many
Indonesian SMEs products that can perform their market access to the US market. Small Industry and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
have a considerable contribution in increasing the volume of Indonesian
exports. It is that the populist economic development sector plays an important
and strategic roles in developing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).
According to the Indonesian Trade Attache in Washington DC, USA,
access will be more flexible for businesses to the US market, especially for
products from developing countries. Access is also open to more
options of various types of industrial and US consumers. Sources large influx
of imported commodities, valued at 19.1 billion US dollars in through the GSP
in 2011. If 10 percent of (the value of Indonesia's exports to the US) 19.1
billion, the value and volume of Indonesian exports increased from that
obtained now. GSP potential as Indonesia and the United States are equally
important trading partner. Indonesia's exports to the US market reached 19.1
billion US dollars, up nearly 17 percent in 2010. The US is the third largest Indonesian product shopper.
GSP for Indonesia in addition to earn national income and
accelerate the process of industrialization and economic growth in Indonesia,
and to attract investors into the country, it will be the main attraction,
especially for the relocation of firms from developed countries. The increased of
exports of Indonesia still need immediately to find a way for the development
of industry and trade in order to compete in the international market.
Indonesia should be able to create their own competitiveness (Competitive
Advantage) products without having to rely on discounts given a developed
country with a reduction in import tariffs.
Until now Indonesia received GSP facility for about 2,249
types of products from 3,400 kinds of products. Of these Indonesia exported to
1.8 billion US dollars, or about 12.2 percent of the total Indonesian exports
to the US. While the total non-oil exports contribution to reach 20-25%
annually. 2,249 products from Indonesia who get GSP facility, approximately 6,52
new products that take advantage of the GSP facility, or approximately 25%
(based on data from the US International Trade Commission web-USITC).
With the GSP facility that intended to be a safe means of Indonesian products
in the US market for the next few years for the implementation of the GSP and
to secure markets, businesses obtain business certainty that will attract
buyers to put their capital in Indonesia. In order to be able to maintain market
condition, Indonesia must comply with all the agreements in the WTO, in
particular intellectual property rights (Intellectual Property Righ -IPR) as
disputed by the International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA). Thus,
Indonesia should still think about the national interest but not to violate the rules of WTO.
According to "Warnita
Amelia", to give special treatment for developing countries is called the
principle of preference. Principles regarding preferences for developing
countries is a principle which requires that a concessions on certain legal
rules for developing countries. This means that these countries should receive
special treatment when developed countries associated with them. To improve
their development encourages industrialized countries to help the economic
growth of developing countries.
The aims to give special
treatment are to overcome development gaps between the two countries. Special
treatment is intended to provide access to markets - rich countries with
relatively low tariffs and obtain certain exemptions from the provisions of the
WTO agreements. Nevertheless, the expected progress and prosperity is not
always easy to achieve.
Conclusion
1.
The GSP Program is a program
of trade facilities provided by the US government since 1974 to 127 developing
countries and LDCs to provide duty free (zero percent rate) for approximately
5,000 types of products. Since the 39 years ago, the program has never been
stopped, although the program is not a permanent program. In the US regulation,
the GSP validity period is temporary but can be renewed at regular intervals
over time as long as it gets the mandate of extension by Congress. From the
data in 2012, the US imported products worth 20 billion dollars under the GSP
program. Top 5 GSP beneficiary countries were India (4.5 billion dollars),
Thailand (3.7 billion dollars), Brazil (2.3 billion dollars), Indonesia 2.2 billion
USDollar or equal to 12% of the total Indonesian exports to the US and South
Africa 1.3 billion USDollar.
2.
Indonesia ranked as the
fourth countries that utilize GSP from the US, Indonesia is already active in
this matter. However, judging from the 3,400 types of products offered by the
US and Indonesia have only utilized many as 652 types, or about 20%, then there
are many kinds of products which have not been utilized its GSP facility,
"Not maximal utilization of GSP facilities due to lack of knowledge about
the benefits of Indonesian businessmen GSP and the procedures used. "The
utilization of the GSP is an appropriate strategy to sustain the growth of
exports to the US. The US remains the largest market in the world, so that
Indonesia should maintain or even increase Indonesia's exports to that country,
"As the fourth ranked utilizing GSP from the US, Indonesia is already
quite active. However, judging from the 3,400 types of products offered by the
US and Indonesia have utilized as many as 652 types, or about 20 percent, there
are many kinds of products which have not been utilized its GSP facility,
"
3.
Expanding the Indonesian
market in the US by way of: (a) help to resolve cases of trafficking, providing
complete information related to trade policy as well as helping to find other
markets when Indonesian businessmen unsuccessfully penetrate. (b) an increase
in cooperation with the US government, also with Indonesian businessmen
themselves and help businesses do business online and help-desk for export. (c)
is maintaining as a "market access" Indonesia has entered the US
market. (d) using the GSP as a marketing tool (export). (e) Pro-actively to
disseminate information to all stakeholders, especially to businesses and
universities to build better understanding of the benefits of the GSP. The
government must provide an explanation on every change of GSP (resolution
"the Bill 3113"). (f) following and multiply training seminar on GSP,
active participation Trade Shows in the US market. (g) develop international
cooperation in the trade that national entrepreneurs can develop
competitiveness abroad, (h) The Government shall provide an explanation on
every change of the GSP, (i) utilizing the Indonesian trade representatives
abroad as trade attaché and ITPC. (j) to build a strong simboisis between PT to
review the activities of the export facility (k) intense lobbying and
negotiating with the United States government (USTR)
4.
Uncertainty in the extension
of the GSP facility cause companies in the US switched to a non-GSP that impact
millions of workers in the GSP beneficiary countries, including Indonesia. The GSP
program should continue to be utilized by the Indonesian exporters, especially
small and medium scale enterprises to improve competitiveness and establish
partnerships with US importers when it has been competitive, it can graduate
without requiring the GSP program.
5.
The GSP program in order to
be retained as a "market access" for Indonesia to entered the US
market in increasing non-oil exports. Therefore, socialization and promotional
activities pro-actively should be increased in volume. In addition, training
reproduced on GSP, the government must provide an explanation on every change
of GSP, GSP multiply and deepen the problem by means of simulation and
counseling GSP with all the various agencies and the builder of apparatus in
exports regulation, intensifying socialization through media and Internet /
website, social media, post a banner on each site / WEB especially in the
website of the Ministry of Trade and dissemination to exporters and related
agencies are structured, organized seminars / workshops, preparing handbooks,
create a website about GSP
6.
Using the GSP as a marketing
tool, identifying the GSP eligible products for export and consider products
with advantages of GSP. In addition, identify the shape and development of
potential US buyers with less means to understand the US market. While other
programs are no less important: (a) improve access to the US market, (b)
expanded the options for US industry and consumers, (c) utilizing the free
provision of up to 5,000 products from 128 countries;
7.
GSP facility for Indonesia
will end in 2015. This will make the situation difficult for Indonesian exports
mainly textiles to the US, because the US is the main market for Indonesia’s
textile products. The problem is, if GSP facility ended then Indonesia should
seek other arrangements for Indonesian export market for example through the
trans-Pacific partnership
Bibliography
1.
Amelia,
Warnita, 2012, Penerapan Prinsip Preferensi Bagi Negara Berkembang Dalam Perdagangan
Bebas Pada Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (World Tradeorganization/Wto) Dan
Pemanfaatannya Oleh Indonesia
2.
Perdagangan
Bebas Pada Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (World Trade Organization/ WTO)
Dan Pemanfaatannya Oleh Indonesia, Artikel, Pascasarjana, Program Studi Ilmu Hukum Universitas Andalas
3.
Andri
Akbar, Nasution, World Trade Organization (WTO) atau Organisasi Perdagangan, 2010
4.
Atase Perdagangan Washington
DC, 2011, Laporan Tahunan, , KBRI RI di
Washinfgton DC
5.
Gita Wirjaman, Mendag, 2012,
FASILITAS GSP: Gita yakin tak akan dicabut AS,
6.
Halwani, Hendra, Prof, Dr,
Ma, Ekonomi Internasional & Globalisasi Ekonomi, edisi kedua, 2005
7.
Liberalisasi Perdagangan Dunia UU No.7 Tahun 1994, Indonesia resmi
menjadi anggota WTO Kebijakan Umum Ekspor-Impor-Global
Market , Indonesia 2012
8.
Nazril fathun, peran dan
manfaat WTO bagi kepentingan pembangunan indonesia, 2009
9.
Nazril fathun, peran dan
manfaat WTO bagi kepentingan pembangunan indonesia, 2009
10.
Perarutan
Menteri Perdagangan RI No. 59/M-DAG/PER/!2/2010 tentang Ketentuan Penerbitan
Surat Keterangan Asal (SKA) atau
Certificate of Origin (COO) untuk barang
ekspor Indonesia
11. Sekilas
mengenai fasiltas GSP Pemerintah AS
12. Sekilas
tentang organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO), Apakah WTO
Silakan Dowmload File Pada Link Dibawah Ini
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar